European Labour Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Computer-Based Instruction Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

PC Based Instruction - Term Paper Example This CBI innovation was further developed from the one that was utilized at first being utilized in the military and was contained video plate players that had been combined with PCs. Multi decade later, the video circles were supplanted by the CD-ROM that prompted the presentation of a CBI innovation that empowered the creation of great video and sound fragments that were exceptionally convincing. CBI has demonstrated to be a viable strategy for learning and instructing in any event, during those bygone eras when the innovation was fundamental and utilizing videodisks. There have been different examinations that have been directed principally to find out the adequacy of this preparation procedures. Fletcher (1990) and Kulik (1994) look into examines are named to be among the most eminent examinations on this point since they completed in various settings like military preparing and training focuses. As per the vast majority of these examinations, PC based guidance has been demonstrated to be increasingly successful and less exorbitant contrasted with the ordinary preparing strategies. Comparative discoveries were affirmed by an examination that was led by Kulik (1998) that included dissecting 97 investigations that were looking at changed classes whereby some were utilizing CBI with others applying the customary procedures of educating Notwithstanding, the principal announced utilization of the Computer Based Instruction was made in 9157with the main fruitful utilization of PC based guidance and specifically mixed media conveyance gadget being presented in the mid 1980s (Shlechter, 1991).

Prevalence of Eating Disorders With Boys

Prevalence of Eating Disorders With Boys Eating Disorders Print Boys and Eating Disorders By Vincent Iannelli, MD facebook Vincent Iannelli, MD, is a board-certified pediatrician and fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Dr. Iannelli has cared for children for more than 20 years. Learn about our editorial policy Vincent Iannelli, MD Medically reviewed by a board-certified physician Updated on February 04, 2020 If your child is overly interested in exercise and weight loss, then he could have an eating disorder. Photo by Getty Images More in Eating Disorders Symptoms Treatment Diagnosis Awareness and Prevention Question:  My son is 13 1/2 years old. He was always very overweight and ate mostly junk food like McDonalds or pizza most of his life. As he started going through puberty, he grew 4 inches and lost 25 pounds. The problem is he has become obsessed with his weight and continues to lose more and more weight. His highest weight was 169 and now he is down to 117 pounds. He has also changed his diet completely. He has become a health nut and exercises all the time. I have no problem with that part. I am very worried since he is all skin and bones and seems to be very happy about the weight loss. He says he cant get skinny enough. What can I do? All of his relatives keep telling him that he is now too skinny including his pediatrician. He only eats healthy foods, but maybe not enough. How can I get him to gain some weight back? Isnt 117 pounds too thin? Meryl, Brooklyn, NY Answer: At his age, 117 pounds is actually just above average. That doesnt mean it is a healthy weight for him though. Instead of just looking at a childs weight, it is more important to know about their body mass index. Eating disorders are common though and many people believe that they have reached epidemic levels. By some estimates, about 5% of women and 1% of men suffer from an eating disorder, such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia. And since most of these eating disorders began in the teen years (76% between age 11-20 and 10% in children less than 10 years of age), parents and pediatricians should learn how to recognize, prevent and treat children with eating disorders. Eating disorders can cause serious and life-threatening medical (malnutrition, dehydration, kidney, heart and liver damage) and psychological problems (depression, poor self-esteem, anxiety), so early identification is important. Could your child have an eating disorder? Is Your Child Underweight? Children with a BMI that is below the 5th percentile for their age are usually thought to be underweight. For his weight, he would already have to be over 6 feet tall to have a BMI below the 5th percentile though, so his weight may be okay. Is he that tall? Since you describe him as being so skinny, he may very well be... It is important to keep in mind that you can have a normal weight and normal BMI and still have an eating disorder. Signs of an Eating Disorder You actually mentioned may of the common signs and symptoms that would raise some concern that your son has or is developing an eating disorder, including that he: Has continued to lose weight, even though he is now too skinnyHas an obsession with his weightExercises all of the timeMay not be eating enough food and getting enough calories Although some of what you mention might be normal, especially that he wants to exercise, eat healthy foods, and be a health nut, the fact that he feels that he cant get skinny enough should probably be considered to be a big warning sign. In general, you might suspect that a child has an eating disorder if they have any of the following classic symptoms, such as: Being underweight, losing weight, or not gaining weight normally. Keep in mind that even children who appear to be at a healthy weight can have an eating disorder depending on what they are doing to maintain their weight.Having an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, especially if your child is underweightHaving a disturbed body image, meaning that your child thinks that he or she is overweight, even though they are really underweight or at a healthy weight.In girls that have begun having regular periods, having amenorrhea, or the absence of at least three consecutive menstrual cycles.Episodes of binge eatingTrying to prevent weight gain by performing self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, diuretics, enemas, or other medications, fasting, or excessive exercise.Refusing to eat and continuous dieting Children with more subtle signs can be more difficult to diagnose or discover. These less obvious signs of an eating disorder might include hair loss, dramatic weight fluctuations, sensitivity to cold, excessive facial hair, swollen salivary glands, broken blood vessels in the eyes, taking OTC or natural weight loss medications, exercising compulsively, development of food rituals, refusing to eat certain foods, skipping meals, disappearing after meals (perhaps to vomit), withdrawn behavior, mood swings, not wanting to eat around other people, tooth decay, and wearing loose clothing to hide weight loss. And be aware that a teen with anorexia usually has a perfectionist type personality and is a high achiever in school. Screening for an Eating Disorder If you spot some of the early warning signs of an eating disorder in your child, you might ask some screening questions to get more information. According to the National Eating Disorders Screening Program, these include: Are you terrified of being overweight?Have you gone on eating binges where you feel you may not be able to stop?Do you feel extremely guilty after eating?Do you vomit or have the impulse to vomit after meals?Do you feel that food controls your life? The American Academy of Pediatrics also suggests asking your child: What do you think you ought to weigh?What is the most you ever weighed? How tall were you then? When was that?What is the least you ever weighed in the past year? How tall were you then? When was that?Exercise: how much, how often, level of intensity? How stressed are you if you miss a workout? Your childs answers to these questions might help you to discover whether or not he or she has any of the more classic symptoms of anorexia or bulimia. You might also ask if any of your kids friends have an eating disorder. And dont ignore the warning signs in younger children. Keep in mind that 10% of people with eating disorders begin before age 10. So even if your 8 or 9-year-old is concerned about getting fat or talks about dieting, look for other red flags that he or she may have an eating disorder. At this point, your child likely needs a further evaluation from a health professional that has experience treating teens with eating disorders. A registered dietician might be a good place to start. If he really wants to be healthy and not just thin, they might be able to help him plan a healthy diet and make sure he is getting enough calories, vitamins, and other nutrients, to be healthy and continue to grow normally. A counselor, psychologist, or psychiatrist might also be helpful, as can your pediatrician, especially if they have developed a good relationship together. If you are not sure where to take your child, the National Eating Disorder Association offers a referral service and can provide you with a list of doctors, nutritionists, counselors, and inpatient and/or outpatient facilities in your area. Pro-Anorexia and Pro-Bulimia Information Surprisingly to most doctors and parents, there are a number of organizations and websites that actually advocate or encourage teens to have eating disorders and become anorexic. These include pro-anorexia (pro-ana) and pro bulimia (pro-mia) websites which include galleries of pictures of models and celebrities that appear very thin (Super Thin Celebs), tips on losing weight and hiding their eating disorder, lists of safe foods that dont have many calories and foods that increase your metabolism (like celery and green tea), forums and chat rooms to talk with other pro-rexies. They also support messages, such as Nothing Tastes As Good As Thin Feels, Nothing is so bad that losing weight wont cure, have articles about the Joys of Anorexia, The beauty of Bulimia, how to teach one another how to play the dangerous game, and how to figure out the minimum number of calories you need each day to stay alive. They also have their own ana food pyramid, which consists mostly of water, diet pills, diet soda, coffee, and cigarettes and advises to use food sparingly. And they have rules, such as The THIN-commandments and Thinspirations. Does your teen know what a pro-ana or mia is? Does she know who the dragonflies are (a large community of pro-anas)? Is she trying to be an ana or mia? Has he or she visited any  pro eating disorder (pro ed) websites? Does he or she have an ana journal or diary? Has he or she started wearing a red bracelet as a kind of solidarity thing with other anas? Does your child understand that anorexia is not a choice and is instead an addiction? If you think your child is trying to become an ana or mia or has other signs of an eating disorder, further evaluation is important. Male Eating Disorders Although eating disorders are more common in teen girls and young women, males can also develop an eating disorder. The incidence of eating disorders in males also seems to be rising, so it is important to also think about eating disorders in teen boys and young men.

The Van Gogh s Life - 849 Words

It was on March 30, 1853, in Groot-Zundert, Holland, that Vincent Willem Van Gogh was born to a preacher and an artist. His father, Theodorus Van Gogh, was described as an austere country minister who raised his sons in a religious atmosphere, while his mother, Anna Cornelia Carbentus, imparted on Vincent her love for color and art. While Vincent Van Gogh became known later in time for his heartbreaking backstory and troubled mind, melancholia remained a continuous theme in his life story even prior to his birth. In fact, Van Gogh was born exactly one year after Theodorus and Anna’s first son, also named Vincent, was delivered stillborn. This tragic timing led Vincent Van Gogh to grow up with his name and birthdate already etched onto the headstone of his dead brother. At fifteen years of age, the Van Gogh family financial troubles forced their son Vincent to leave school and work at his Uncle’s art dealership; even after leaving school this early in his life, Van Gogh was already fluent in French, German, and English, and had Dutch as his native language. This allowed for no language barrier when he was transferred to a London art gallery, where he fell in love with both English culture and Eugine Loyer. The landlady’s daughter, who was engaged to another man at the time, became the first of many heartbreaks in Vincent’s life, and her rejection of his marriage proposal sparked a breakdown for the tenant. After, telling customers not to buy â€Å"worthless art† out of anger,Show MoreRelatedVan Gogh s Life And Effect Today1819 Words   |  8 PagesSpeech: Van Gogh s Life and Effect today. Specific Purpose Statement: By the end of my speech the audience will be able to list 3 parts of Van Gogh s life and his achievements that affected the future. INTRODUCTION: Attention Getter: Imagine being one of the most well recognized names of the modern world, your name attracts millions, dozens of films and book are created after you. But at the same time imagine your life being filled with depression and rejection for the craft that you are belovedRead MoreVincent Van Gogh s Life1443 Words   |  6 PagesVincent Van Gogh â€Å"It is not the language of painters but the language of nature which one should listen to, the feeling for the things themselves, for reality, is more important than the feeling for pictures.† Said Vincent Van Gogh. (Gogh) Van Gogh is one of the most famous artist here known in this universe. He has came up with a ton of paintings and drawings in ten years then what other artists have in their life time. Has a decent life, art influenced him by a long shot, and his artwork is justRead MoreVan Gogh s Life And Education Essay3039 Words   |  13 Pages VINCENT VAN GOGH: Born in Holland in 1853, Vincent van Gogh, the son of a Dutch minister, did not start painting until the age of 27. Suffering from psychological issues his entire life, Van Gogh would eventually take his own life seeing the world largely unmoved by his artistic efforts, selling only one painting during his existence as a painter on Earth. Today, Van Gogh has become one of the most renowned painters in the history of painting. Van Gogh is both famous and infamous for his evocativeRead MoreAnalysis Of Vincent Van Gogh s Life1414 Words   |  6 PagesVincent van Gogh lived more than 115 years ago, and yet his artwork is still changing the way society views beauty, character, and style in art. His works are recognized all across the globe for their rich colors and his extraordinary style of painting. Those who lived in the time of Van Gogh would have preferred a realistic drawing or an abstract painting not both as one piece. Van Gogh based his art off of his life which was filled with despair, childhood troubles and mental disabilities. DespiteRead MoreThe Starry Night By Vincent Van Gogh1582 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Arts Thesis Question 11-07-14 Vincent van Gogh One of my favorite pieces of art growing up was The Starry Night by Vincent van Gogh. Van Gogh was a man of his times, but what was his life like? Van Gogh had a religious upbringing and was originally going to be a minister as his occupation. But my main focus and what I want to know, is what were the influences on his life and how did they affect his painting? Between all of these things van Gogh had many influences. The religious influenceRead MoreThe Starry Night By Vincent Van Gogh1465 Words   |  6 PagesStarry Nights The captivating painting by Vincent Van Gogh, The Starry Night is a work of art completed by Van Gogh in 1889. Van Gogh had wanted to paint something that represented the night sky for some time, but many people are interested to find out that Van Gogh actually painted The Starry Night during his time at Saint-Paul-de-Mausole, an asylum and clinic for the mentally ill. There is much debate over the legacy of Van Gogh, and his â€Å"Turbulent Mindstate† however we can examine much of theRead MoreVincent Van Gogh Sensitivity1558 Words   |  7 PagesVincent Van Gogh is now one of the most famous and influential artists of all time; however, he spent hard times as a poor and obscure artist during his lifetime. The fact that Vincent Van Gogh sold only one painting during his brief life supports the fact that he struggled in obscurity and with his identity for a long time. Most of all, there is a significant fact that Vincent Van Gogh was prone to reflecting his sensitivity in his works, and to painting places that had personal meaning. His landmarkRead MoreVincent Van Gogh And His Life868 Words   |  4 Pagestwenty-first (21st) Century, the life of Vincent Van Gogh; has become more of a legend with a substantial figure among painters and western art in the society today. Vincent Van Gogh is said to be a person with persevering characteristics due to all the failures he encountered in his career path from being a â€Å"minister like his father to dealing in arts like his uncle† (Blumer,2002) before becoming the successful painter, we all acknowledge in the world today. However, Vincent Van Gogh is practically known toRead MoreThe Works Of Vincent Van Gogh1460 Words   |  6 Pagesyour work is useless. This is the constant state of mind that Vincent Van Gogh lived in with his work being heavily criticized and never praised. Background and Audience Relevance: Van Gogh is one of the most well known artists today. His vivid landscapes and portraits are praised for their use of different colors and bold brush strokes. Many people can easily recognize a Van Gogh painting, but they don’t know much regarding his life or the struggles he faced as an artist. Speaker Credibility: I tookRead MoreVincent Van Gogh Essay1397 Words   |  6 PagesVincent Van Gogh was one of the world s greatest artists. Though not widely known in his lifetime, he is now considered to be the greatest Dutch artist aside from Rembrandt. He was born Vincent William van Gogh in Groot-Zundert, a small town in Brabant Netherlands, on March 30, 1853. His father was a protestant pastor which is believed to have greatly influenced Van Gogh . His mother, Anna Cornelia Carbentus, was artist that loved nature, drawing and watercolors. Her interest in all of these

James Joyce Essay - 1100 Words

In selecting James Joyces Ulysses as the best novel of the twentieth century, Time magazine affirmed Joyces lasting legacy in the realm of English literature. James Joyce (1882-1941), the twentieth century Irish novelist, short story writer and poet is a major literary figure of the twentieth-century. Regarded as quot;the most international of writers in English ¡K[with] a global reputation (Attridge, pix), Joyces stature in literature stems from his experimentation with English prose. Influenced by European writers and an encyclopedic knowledge of European literatures, Joyces distinctive writing style includes epiphanies, the stream-of-consciousness technique and conciseness. Born in Rathgar, near Dubtin, in 1882, he lived his†¦show more content†¦Hauptmanns comprehensive version of the portrait of an artist helped Joyce develop his own interpretation. A further clarification was provided by the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzche (1844-1900). Joyce adapted Nietzsches concept of the Superman in developing his portrait of an artist. Although Joyce rejected the Catholic Church all his life, Reynords, in Joyce and Dante: The Shaping Imagination clams that the Italian poet and the greatest of Catholic poets Dante Alighier (1265-1321) quot;whose influence pervades all Joyces writing is never cowed by authorityquot; (Attridge p. 56-57). Perhaps that is why Joyce was attracted to Dantes writing. amp;#9;Of all his literary countryman, the only Irish literary whos left a profound impression on Joyce was that Irish nationalist poet, James Clarence Mangan (1803-1849). In the short story quot;Araby,quot; Joyce pays tribute to the poet by naming the narrators classmate, Mangan. Joyce identified with Mangen because of his linguistic skill and knowledge of the literature of Italy, Spain, France and Germany. Furthermore, Mangan was disdained by his Irish contemporaries--a gesture Joyce considered an act of treachery. amp;#9;Joyces use of the stream-of consciousness technique first appeared record these epiphanies with extreme care, quot;seeing that they themselves are the moments.quot; (Kalasty, p.199) Although all the storiesShow MoreRelatedEssay on James Joyce1722 Words   |  7 Pages James Joyce nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;James Joyce, an Irish novelist and poet, grew up near Dublin. James Joyce is one of the most influential novelists of the 20th century. In each of his prose works he used symbols to experience what he called an quot;epiphanyquot;, the revelation of certain revealing qualities about himself. His early writings reveal individual moods and characters and the plight of Ireland and the Irish artist in the 1900s. Later works, reveal a man in all hisRead MoreDubliners By James Joyce1755 Words   |  8 PagesDubliners, is a book in which James Joyce takes his readers back to early 20th century Dublin. Joyce s collection of short stories portrays his homeland, Ireland, at a time of stagnation and the beginning of the Irish Nationalist Movements, which sought independence from Great Britain. With such dependence, Ireland and its citizens lives could not move forward and to enliven this condition in his book Joyce use three great concepts. In the first short story Joyce mentions the words gnomon, simonyRead More`` Araby `` By James Joyce1451 Words   |  6 PagesJames Joyce, an Irish novelist, wrote fifteen short stories that depict Irish middle class life in Dublin, Ireland during the early years of the twentieth century. He entitled the compilation of these short stories Dubliners. The protagonist in each of these stories, shares a desire for change. This common interest motivates the protagonist and helps them to move forward in their lives. Additionally, the protagonist has an epiphany, or moment of realization or transformation. In â€Å"Araby†, the narratorRead More`` Araby `` By James Joyce1315 Words   |  6 PagesThe short story â€Å"Araby† by James Joyce is a young boy who has such an infatuation for his friend Mangan sister, he begins to idolize her as if she was a saint. This is when the idea of love and desire come into play. He simply can’t stop thinking about her and sees her in a godly like way. As the story begins to unfold the realization that the young boy doesn t quite understand the concept of the illusion and the reality of what Mangan’s sister really means to him. The young boy realizes that hisRead MoreThe Dubliners By James Joyce1570 Words   |  7 PagesJames Joyce’s 1914 collection of 15 short stories The Dubliners has the continuous theme of money which further dwells into the idea of class systems, how colonies became a dichotomy, and how in the end, the colonists were nearly the same. Since Joyce writes these stories in the early 20th Century, there has been a large history behind colonization and the life that comes with it. In using everyday examples or little segments of the average day, Joyce expresses the idea and components of the classRead MoreThe Dead by James Joyce879 Words   |  4 PagesThe short story the dead is written by James Joyce an Irish writer who lived between 1882-1941,he is best known for his modern writing techniques, with stories such as â€Å"The Dead†, this story is well known for its deep analogy of Irish culture, history, and how the story relates to life struggles, the difficulties of time and age and dealing to forget the dead ones we have lost. In the story we learn the toughts and voice of a husband who finds out that his wife previous love of her life still remainsRead MoreThe Dead By James Joyce2257 Words   |  10 Pageshuman interactions, morphs slowly into an examination of the nature of time and memory. James Joyce uses every level of his writing in order to reveal this complex paradox. He breaks down the boundaries of life and death, of time and memory, by breaking down the structure of his grammar. He exposes the ambiguities of existence through the ambiguities of pronouns. In the midst of this acrobatic vernacular, Joyce is able to maintain the humanity of his ideas through the character of Gabriel. GabrielRead MoreThe Dead By James Joyce2111 Words   |  9 Pageswritten by James Joyce detailing the lives of many seemingly average characters from Dublin during the early twentieth century. Throughout all of Dubliners, Joyce gives the protagonist of every story a sort of epiphany that leads them to realize the so urce of their unhappiness, oftentimes, the characters choose to do nothing about it. Farrington, the protagonist in the short story â€Å"Counterparts,† and Gabriel Conroy, the protagonist in â€Å"The Dead,† are two very different characters. Joyce uses thisRead MoreThe Anonymous Storyteller By James Joyce932 Words   |  4 PagesIn James Joyce s Araby, the anonymous storyteller is charmed by the sister of his companion, Mangan. He plans to purchase a blessing for her at the Araby bazaar, which serves to him as a picture of getaway from the preventing environment of his neighborhood in Dublin. Through these characters and this setting, Joyce conveys the topic that in man s young optimism and his gullible longing, he finds a restricting disillusionment, brought about by his adolescence and the constraints of his realityRead MoreThe Dead By James Joyce Essay942 Words   |  4 Pages James Joyce emerged as a radical new narrative writer in modern times. Joyce conveyed this new writing style through his stylistic devices such as the stream of consciousness, and a complex set of mythic parallels and literary parodies. This mythic parallel is called an epiphany. â€Å"The Dead† by Joyce was written as a part of Joyce’s collection called â€Å"The Dubliners†. Joyce’s influence behind writing the short story was all around him. The growing nationalist Irish movement around Dublin, Ireland

Client Server Architecture Free Essays

The term originally referred to the large cabinets that housed the central processing unit and main memory of early computers but as of today those cabinets are no longer cabinets but then powerful I high-end commercial machines which also are used in client server networking as servers and this has overshadowed most of the disadvantages of the old traditional mainframes that led to the many problems as like those faced by Hares company. The disadvantages of the way Mainframes were used in the Good old days is that there was no flexibility as mix and matching was not accommodated but they only revered so-called dumb terminals on the users’ desktops meaning you had to be wired to the mainframe to access data, also software platforms were specific and maintenance and system management were costly as every component of the system needed to be maintained. Like any other company would have done to keep up with keep up with growing business demands, Hares implemented its first information system in 1987 purchasing a mainframe computer. We will write a custom essay sample on Client Server Architecture or any similar topic only for you Order Now But then because of the revolution from the Good Old Days as explained above to the client [server they probably faces all the disadvantages pertaining to flexibility, maintenance and yester management, and it was difficult for them to connect with the outside world and so they had to also change their system to Client/Server . With Client Server advantages of flexibility gives a greater solution space than that which single computer models can achieve. Another advantage is the Openness as number of different platforms can be used in a network; all that is needed is some common protocol for them to communicate. Openness also lives the freedom of choice the implementation at any of the ends It is also reliable and this can be accomplished by production of the same programs and data around a network; this meaner that when en server breaks down another takes over. Servers also can be created specifically for a certain service. Client/server computing is also Scalable as more servers can be added to a network depending on the increase of application demand in though the increase in power is not linear I. E number of servers. And this is what Hares Company is faces in the present proving that also there present problems are not unique as well. The solution to this problem on the other hand is to increase hardware capabilities of the server and desktops. Another problem Hares faces is u to the configuring applications into client-server modules and in modifying the configuration in response to user feedback and this problem is Common in organizations using traditional (2-tier) client server in their business. 2. Suggest alternative architectures that could be used to overcome the problems faced by Hares’ current Client/Server technology An alternative Architecture that can over comer problems faced by current Client/ Server is the Three- tier model and N-tier model architectures. Three-tier architecture meets the requirements of large scale Internet and intranet client/server applications. It is more scalable, robust and flexible and can integrate data from multiple sources. This can solve the problem the company is facing of difficulty in configuring applications into client-server modules and in modifying the configuration in response to user feedback as the scalability is wider and the multiple sources of were data can be integrated make it easily possible for user feedback. Three-tier model is also easier to manage and deploy on the network as most of the code runs on the servers. Network interchange between applications is also minimized as abstract levels of service are created were instead of interacting erectly with the client calls business logic on the server. It is the business logic that accesses the database on behalf of the client. Three- tier as compared to tier 2 being used by Hares is less complex but can be centrally managed on the sever as application programs are made visible to standard system management. Security is also high, performance is Better and application reuse is excellent. N tier client server architecture is wider than the 3 tier though the 3 tier can also be considered as an N tier. The N tier has no limits and is able to the growing in number of applications that have spilled over in to the world and is able to meet the challenge of the requirement poised buy these Intergalactic applications. This is because N tier clients frequently combine Middleware tier components within a single business transaction and a component can call other components to help in request and this could be very useful in Hares looking at the problem of user feedback they have as the requesting system will be much better than the one in place. 3. NNE of the suggestions proposed by Hares’ IS department is the use of intranet web technology. Examine the pros and cons of such an idea. Intranet is an internal organizational network that uses Internet Protocol technology to share information, computing services and operational systems. This can be a company’s internal network or a broader part of the organization’s technology structure, and can be composed of multiple local area networks. The idea behind this is to organize different user’s desktops in the organization at a low cost, also saving time and effort to be more productive, There are so many things that are good about having a functional intranet and that’s why the IS department proposed the use of it. Pros of Intranet Single information source-Because data and information are kept in one place in an organized way it reduces on confusion of where information has begin kept and it can be easily accessed when needed as people will always know where to look thus saving on time. Common corporate culture is promoted: The ability for every user to view the same information within the Intranet makes it easy for an organization not to have different information which on the same things. Updates are Immediate: live coverage of changes to your audience is made possible by Intranets and keeping them up to date thus limiting the company’s liability. Time: information to employees is distributed on an as-needed basis. Employees can also access information at their convenience, rather than receiving electronic mail that may distract them indiscriminately. Business management and operations: The Intranet platform is begin used for developing and deploying applications that support business operations and decisions across the world wide web. Cost-effective: Saving on the hustle to maintaining physical documents, users can still view information and data via web-browser and this can save the business money used on printing/ duplicating comments and also maintenance of produced documents. CONS of Intranet Security: It’s easy for individuals to have unauthorized access in to the intranet network and they may abuses materials. Software/Hardware incompatibility problems: because of the evolving technology upgrades are needed to keep up with the worlds demands otherwise a lot of problems in functioning of the intranet are faced. Availability of access to all employees: Some of the desks of employees may not have desktops and so it would make it difficult for them to access the intranet at their convenience. Information overload: As time moves on and information is posted n the intranet the presentation and design that helps users to filter out what they don’t need, and get only the information that they really want becomes difficult and this begins to consume time thus undermining the advantage of intranet in time. Moderation: In case objectionable content is posted on to the intranet network someone has to clean up the mess. And this is very possible because all users have access and security is not strong so it is prone to cyber crime and so content that is objectionable can easily be posted. 4. Do you think the popularity of intranet software and the Internet pose threats to rotational Client/Server systems? Intranet software is the software that runs on servers and provides service facilities such us HTTP publishing like world which is the worldwide web, searching and indexing and FTP file retrieval facilities. Web browsers are the software used by clients to access pages on the web and because the protocols used by the intranet are the same as those by the web in makes it standard for users to use any web browser that is tested and these can be acquired free of charge or paid for at small cost. The internet is like a gold mine of anything one can need in connection with intranet footwear as one can get everything they need to the proper functionality of intranet networks. And the modern intranet has been able to come out of one building and via the internet basically do the exact thing client/server architecture is all about. In other words intranet software and the internet are a modern client server type of system. Intranet software and the internet are able to create true intranet applications by employing existing client/server applications and also it is able to integrate applications in the Web browser that normally don’t work and play well together. The Intranet then makes it possible for information to become available on the Internet from the same application environment and interface. Because of flexibility of Intranet software to operate on the internet many companies have flown that direction to save cost rather than implementing the traditional client server architecture. It is difficult and costly to spread the traditional client over geographical areas and because the internet makes this easy eliminating the hardware and is more effective the popularity of intranet software has increased and continues to be ore of preference to big organizations today. How to cite Client Server Architecture, Papers

Limit Ourselves Voluntarily

Introduction Human activities have led to dramatic environmental changes within the last few decades. If humankind cannot set limits and standards on how to interact with the environment, then catastrophic predicaments in the near future are inevitable. According to Tostevin (116), humanity has taken control of nature by developing a culture that believes in risk-taking as opposed to risk management.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Limit Ourselves Voluntarily specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The dazzling array of technological advancements in genetic engineering and the growth of human consumption, which depletes natural resources, will soon confine human beings to self-made catastrophes in the future. This paper will show that humankind should transform its mastery in risk taking and change the winner’s mentality by voluntary restraining. Human beings will have to revise the agenda of economic growth or l ive a worthless life whereby everyone will have to fight for survival. Self-restraining Humanity is full of appetite of material things, hence placing the nature at risk. Although self-limiting is a phenomenon that is within people’s abilities, individuals lack the will and desire to restrain. It is ironical for humankind to control nature, but fail to cut on its desires and preserve the environment. While fulfilling life desires, people are obsessed with the present pleasures and forget about what the future holds for humanity if they keep on exploiting the nature. For instance, the novel, How the Dead Dream, by Lydia Millet, accounts on the life of a character T. This character is an obsessed capitalist who has ventured into the real estate industry. Real estate involves land clearing for construction, thus causing deforestation and minimizing arable land for agriculture. This move is a selfish agenda, thus compelling migration of wildlife to common zones, hence risking ext inction. T does not care about anybody around him, as his obsession for money is keeps him going until he runs over a coyote while rushing home from work. Seeing the animal die evokes a sense of humanity in T’s heart. This event marks a turning point for T’s capitalistic obsession and he quits real estate and turns to animal protection (Millet 56).Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This aspect shows that human beings are not prepared to restrain growth until an ugly situation unfolds. However, the pertinent question is – for how long will humanity wait? Global warming has shown its effects, but human beings are still burning fossils fuels. Those who are not ready to regulate growth will argue that measures will be invented to take care of any future eventualities. Unfortunately, humanity is reluctant to cut on consumption. Environmental contamination has reached unparalleled heights. Human beings should cut on the use of pesticides, since they threaten aquatic extinction. Bees are becoming rare due to excess chemicals in the atmosphere. Humanity should adopt solar energy and abandon carbon dioxide-emitting fuels, which cause atmospheric imbalances, thus leading to greenhouse gas effects. For example, the film Wall-E is about a robot named Wall-E, which is designed for waste collection. The robot predicts what is about to face humanity in the near future. Wall-E is left alone on earth to clean all garbage since life is unbearable for human beings. Eve, another robot, is sent to earth to see if the place is habitable once again. Wall-E falls in love with Eve and he has to protect her from the dust, rains, lightening, and all sorts of environmental disasters (Wall-E). This film warns humanity of the impending dangers if limits on how to interact with the environment are not set. Most nations use nonrenewable resources and chemicals in food production, thus causing damage to soil and organisms. Humanity should not live in a plastic bubble to ensure survival and make life increasingly meaningless. With the consequences awaiting humanity in the near future, the few people willing to cut on growth will demand the alteration of democracy and compulsory limits to be enforced by the lawmakers. By encouraging self-limits, it does not mean that humanity is conservative. If through the laboratory technology scientists can get the vaccines for HIV/AIDS, everybody will celebrate. Unfortunately, lab-engineered solutions will not solve the impeding problem of extinction.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Limit Ourselves Voluntarily specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The notion that the future will shape itself and solve its problem is selfish and bizarre, since the present humanity does not want to take responsibility. The future generation will have to bear the consequences of ills that they cannot understand. The current situation might be biased since the rich easily put up with acid rain or polluted environs by relocating, while the poor and weak suffer; however, these migratory and tolerance behaviors will not solve the problem of environment destruction. In the near future, the rich will not be in a position to cope with the many tsunamis among other catastrophes and finally environmental disasters will be a common tragedy. For example, in the novel, Oryx and Crake, Snowman is a character living among primitive creatures resembling humans and he recalls that one time as a small boy, he lived in a capitalistic world where the mighty dominated the weak (Atwood 67). He decides to return to the ruins occupied by genetically modified animals. This speculative novel tells of a time when all animals will be extinct and human existence will be unsustainable on earth. Only genetically modified organisms will survive the climate changes of the time if human activities are not contained. If growth at all levels is not limited to conscious levels, then even the growth itself may not last, since the nature will be exhausted. Future directives Capitalists maintain their statuses by exploiting and polluting the environment, while researchers make money from their endless researches. Therefore, the issue becomes a tragedy to everyone, and thus the international community should impose regulations to preserve the nature. Most problems affecting the nature are developmental and they can be regulated before they advance to irreversible levels. Wants and desires are created through the people’s manipulation of tastes through advertisement (Tostevin 149).Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More continued growth in economic sector will lead to the depletion of resources and production of wastes. Efforts should be geared towards the use of renewable energies such as solar energy coupled with a campaign for responsible consumption and the obliteration of materialism. This does not mean that manufacturing should be replaced by artisanship; on the contrary, it advocates the production of what is essential. Conclusion Humankind should become responsible and preserve the environment for posterity. The era of scientific enlightenment should not be interpreted as the platform to display might and mastery of nature through careless experimentations. The three texts explored in this paper have shown predictive scenarios of how life might be unsustainable in the near future. In the recent past, human life has been dependent on chemicals, which run through people’s bodies. This aspect is unhealthy and it may lead to mutations, which result in premature deaths. Therefore, in a bi d to avoid such issues, humanity should reconsider its ways and preserve nature. Works Cited Atwood, Margaret. Oryx and Crake: A Novel, New York: Nan A. Talese, 2003. Print. Millet, Lydia. How the Dead Dream: A Novel, Berkeley: Counterpoint, 2008. Print. Tostevin, Bob. The Promethean Illusion: The Western Belief in Human Mastery of Nature, Jefferson: McFarland, 2010. Print. Wall-e. Andrew Stanton. Buena Vista: Walt Disney Pictures, 2008. Film. This essay on Limit Ourselves Voluntarily was written and submitted by user Kason W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Colorful Words from the Greek

Colorful Words from the Greek Colorful Words from the Greek Colorful Words from the Greek By Maeve Maddox Several Greek color words have enriched the English vocabulary. Black We get the combining form melano from the Greek word meaning dark or black. melancholy: a gloomy mental state; according to ancient physiology, a humor called â€Å"black bile† was secreted by the kidneys and the spleen, and was thought to cause melancholia. melanoma: a skin tumor containing a dark pigment. melanin: any dark brown or black pigments of animal or plant structures, for example, hair, or the surface of a raw potato when exposed to air. White The element leuk in certain medical terms is from the Greek word for white. leukemia: a chronic disease characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of white blood cells. leukocyte: a white blood cell. Red The Greek word for red gives us the combining form erythro, which is used in the specialized terminology of medicine, chemistry, and mineralogy. erythrophyll: the red coloring matter of leaves in autumn. erythroretin: a resinous constituent of rhubarb root. erythroscope: an optical contrivance, by which the green of foliage is caused to appear red, while all other green objects retain their natural color. erythrocyte: a red blood corpuscle. Blue Cyan is the Greek word for dark blue, but what artists call â€Å"cyan blue† is a color midway between green and blue. cyanide: an extremely poisonous crystalline solid. It got its name because it was first obtained by heating the dye pigment known as Prussian blue. cyanin: the blue coloring matter of certain flowers (e.g., violets and cornflowers). cyanosis: blueness of the skin owing to the circulation of imperfectly oxygenated blood. Green The Greek word from which we get the combining form chlor described a pale green. chloroform: volatile liquid used as an anesthetic. Chloroform is colorless; it got its name as the result of combining the words chlorine and formic, as in formic acid. chlorophyll: the coloring matter of the leaves and other green parts of plants. chlorine: a yellowish-green heavy gas. Finally, the Greek word for color gives us the combining form chromo, which creates nouns and adjectives that denote colored objects, coloring processes, and coloring agents: chromatic: full of color. polychrome: art executed in many colors. chromium: a metallic element remarkable for the brilliant colorsred, yellow, or greenof its compounds. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to use "on" and when to use "in"Email EtiquetteThe Difference Between e.g. and i.e.?

Trouble with Vigorously and Vicariously

Trouble with Vigorously and Vicariously Trouble with Vigorously and Vicariously Trouble with Vigorously and Vicariously By Maeve Maddox So far I havent found it in an article by a professional journalist (thank goodness), but in the course of my web browsing I have discovered the created word vigariously. It is enjoying wide use among bloggers and readers who post comments. Vigariously occurs in contexts that call for either vigorously or vicariously. vigorously with intense energy and force vicariously at second hand; in place of A word vagariously exists in the dictionary: vagariously marked by vagaries However, I dont think that anyone can be confusing this rarely used word with vigorously or vicariously. I understand how vigariously could be a misspelling of vicariously, but its substitution for vigorously puzzles me. Here are a few of the many examples of vigariously I have come across. I watched the whole Rehab marathon on The Reality Network to live vigariously through the people on TV. [I plan] to work up to only taking practice tests vigariously about a month to two months before the September test. (student preparing for LSAT) I have tried vigariously plunging (hand plunger) many times with no results. With these shows, the viewers are able to forget their problems and live vigariously thru those on the shows! I blamed you for sending mixed messages about wanting him in and then arguing so vigariously that he shouldnt be in! Im a Daddy, and Ive been very careful about not living vigariously through my children. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Great Similes from Literature to Inspire YouSocial vs. SocietalThe 7 Types of Possessive Case

Corporate Responsibility in Contemporary World of Industrialization - Essay

Corporate Responsibility in Contemporary World of Industrialization - Coca-Cola Case - Essay Example Developments in social sectors, strong check and balance system of media and public opinion also support in forcing the companies to look into their management, products and staff requirements properly. According to the ethics, it is not only the duty of management to look into the strategy and activities of the organization and eradicate all which can inflict any harm on society and environment, but also every staff member and employee is bound to perform the work of his part to run the company according to the prevailing social and environmental responsibilities. "The corporate governance structure specifies the distribution of rights and responsibilities among different participants in the corporation, such as the board, managers, shareholders and other stakeholders, and spells out the rules and procedures for making decisions on corporate affairs."   Coca-Cola is one of the most popular brands among all the world-class products and industries at large. Its name, brand, and logo are thought to be the sign of quality and trust. The company has made so many achievements during nearly quarter past century that it was not dependent on even an introduction anymore. It serves as a milestone in the history of modern public beverages and food industry that are popular among people belonging to all age-groups and socioeconomic classes alike. Coca-Cola was introduced in May 1886 in Atlanta, Georgia and in the beginning, the sale was less than its product. (Quoted in the coca-cola company.com). Presently, it is thought to be at the top in respect of sales among the soft drinks, mineral water, and food products of the globe. â€Å"The Coca-Cola experience†, Lin observes, â€Å"offers a fascinating example of the participation of an international business in local and global market development.The pace, accelerated by its preparations for possible accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO), global business systems like Coca-Cola may help stimulate economic growth, employment, and tax revenue and reshape corporate responsibility subsequently.†

Municipal Solid Waste Management in Beijing Assignment - 2

Municipal Solid Waste Management in Beijing - Assignment Example The challenges section of the article is insightful more so because it contains suggestions that can help surmount the challenges (Wang & Wang 71). Â  The data that the ash waste component is high I rural areas are valuable because it indicates that the rural areas are still depending on nonrenewable sources of energy. The data on the impact of moisture content on the real calorific value of municipal solid waste is noteworthy as it explains why waste incineration is less effective. The article adds onto the existing knowledge by including data that shows that rejection of municipal solid waste management by community members is an important impediment because community members are a key stakeholder in the endeavor (Wang & Wang 71). Â  I agree with the conclusion that economic development leads to increase in municipal solid waste. This is because economic development gives people affordability and this subsequently increases the waste products that come from the things they buy. The increase in food and paper waste component in municipal solid waste is proof of the effect of economic development, especially in the urban areas.

Sex In History Essay -- Sexuality

As we human beings have changed and evolved over our thousands of years of recorded history, so have our attitudes and expressions of all things sexual. The only thing that hasn't changed much is society's desire to exercise a certain amount of control over an individual's sexual behavior. Whether it be through church or state, educational institutions or popular media of the time, there have been rules and regulations, views and taboos about what we should do sexually, how we should do it, who we should do it with and even how we should think about doing it. Body parts A particular area of interest, naturally, has been the body and specifically those parts that are obviously connected with sex. We've alternately hidden and displayed, worshiped and derided male and female genitalia. In most non-Christian cultures there were gods and goddesses of power and fertility with exaggerated genitals. Some cultures liked penis gods so much they had several; for instance, the ancient Greeks honored Priapus, Dionysus and Hermes. The Egyptians exalted Osiris, Bacchus was the Roman version, and Shiva reigned in India. Penis and, less commonly, vulva worship, were practiced and this was reflected in objects connected with daily living. Vases in classical Greece were decorated with phalluses. In the ruins of Pompeii penis symbols were found just about everywhere, on bowls, lamps and figurines. Pitchers with enormous penis spouts were a unique specialty of the Mochica culture of Peru. The exteriors of medieval Irish churches were adorned with sculptures of Shelah-na-Gig, a vulva icon. In Egypt enormous symbols of penis power Ââ€" the obelisk Ââ€" were erected all over the landscape. Smaller penis symbols in the form of amulets and bracelet... ... modern birth control emerged in Egypt about 300 BC. There they used mechanical and chemical methods that foreshadow modern diaphragms, cervical caps and spermicides. Their versions included lint pads soaked in honey and acacia tips, and crocodile dung compacted with auyt-gum, both to be inserted into the vagina as a barrier to semen. Some Romans of the 4th century decided that the best way to prevent unwanted pregnancy was to diminish a wife's desire for sexual intercourse. Specific methods included: mouse dung liniment; swallowing pigeon droppings mixed with oil and wine; or rubbing her loins with the blood of ticks off a wild black bull. Condoms began to come into their own during the 18th century. They were usually made of sheep gut, or sometimes fish skin, and were originally introduced not for prevention of pregnancy but as a protection against syphilis.

Mr. Shamal Fernando

I am dealing with Cardiovascular, Anti diabetic and general product range. There are 7 Sirs and 3 sales representatives under my supervision, and the product range is highly expensive. I am responsible of the growth and the monthly sales of the above range including the strategic implementation for products. Also I am responsible for the training, Development and whole island Sales. In Sir Lankan I report to the Managing Director and the Principles. I have 7+ years of Marketing and Sales experience in Pharmaceutical, Insurance and Consumer products both in SSL and Philippines. Also I was worked as an Educational counselor at Speech power in Philippines.At the moment I'm giving teaching sessions to the orphaned children. I do Serviced Customers', enthusiastically and deliberately to provide Excellent customer satisfaction. Objective To be a productive & innovative marketing oriented person in the Pharmaceutical ,fast moving & challenging business environment and to acquire and enhance my knowledge and be able to effectively practice these in the pursuance of my career. I pursue to become a Professional customer service individual along with good Salesmanship and Management and to be the most highlighted individual in my career. Person My Sales, Marketing and Customer oriented services counts more than 7 years.I have a good understanding of customer needs and their mentality on purchasing goods. I am very much capable of handling Sales & Marketing staff to get the best out of them. I have been awarded the hard & diligent working employee' in one of my former companies. I have tirelessly worked in any company I worked with honesty. I as an individual always try to delight people whom I associate with . This has made me a preferred employee by my superiors where-ever I have worked. I have a very good command of English. Educational Qualifications I passed the G. C. E OIL Examination in December 1997 with one distinction pass and seven credit passes.

Training And Development In Vietnam - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 21 Words: 6211 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? 1.1 The importance of the study 1.2 Aim and objectives of the project Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Training And Development In Vietnam" essay for you Create order 1.4 Dissertation structure Chapter 2 Literature review 2.1 Defining the terms: Human Resource and Human Resource Development, Training, Development 2.1.1 Human resource 2.1.2 Human resource development 2.1.3 Training 2.1.4 Development 2.2 Purpose of training and development 2.3 Training and development progress in an enterprise 2.3.1 Methods of Training and development 2.3.2 Process of training and development 2.4 Factors affect training and development 2.4.1 Internal factors 2.4.2 External factors Chapter 1 Introduction The background of the study Vietnam is one of the countries which have the fastest and the most impressive growing economies in recent years. It is a transitional economy and is developing more and more with an open door government policy. In 1986, Doi Moi economic reform was initiated and made a breakthrough for the economy of Vietnam. It transferred Vietnam from socialist-oriented market economy to the free-market economy. On 11 January 2007, Viet Nam became the official 150th member of World Trade Organisation (WTO). The day was considered as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a historic day for the country. Joining the WTO, Vietnam seems to accept increased competition, and competition will make the economy more dynamic. Moreover, it creates a dynamic and challenging environment for local organizations to upgrade their operations both technologically and managerially, in order to unlock the immense potential of the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s natural and human resources. (Mcneil et al, 1999). However, using the national human resource in effectiveness way seems to be not simple. It could be a challenge for any countries. In fact, Vietnam has the population which is more than eighty million (Vietnam general statistic office, 2010). It supplies a large labor force which seems to be a competitive advantage for a developing country like Vietnam, especially in attracting FDI (T. Le, 2007). However, this advantage is passing off in current situation. When using and development of technology, machinery in enterprises becomes popular, the competitiveness depends on human resource quality. Sadly, Vietnam is losing its competitive capability. In the Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010, Vietnam is down five positions from 70th to 75th, in which the quality of education system is one of the worst elements. In reality, the poor quality in education and training prevent the country from developing. Vietnam labor force has weaknesses and limitations. Every year, a high percentage of students graduated from universities have difficulties in finding a job because of lacking knowledge and skills. According to a re port by the HCMC Department of Labor, War Invalids, and Social Affairs, only around one third of the enterprises in the countries are satisfied with the qualifications of their new recruits (Saigon Times Weekly, 2002c). It seems that the higher education in Vietnam which is in old equipment and passive method could not satisfy the real market demand of high quality and skilled human resource in the period of development (Kamoche, 2001). Besides, proportion of employees who are trained in working is just 20% (Vietnam Ministry of Labour, Invalid and Social Affair, 2006). Duc Vuong (2008) argued that the staff training is required more caring in developing countries. As low labor cost is considered as an absolute advantage of labor-intensive economy but not high- tech or capital-intensive ones (Vietnam Ministry of Labour, Invalid and Social Affair, 2006). Hence, economies and business need to improve the training and development of employees. Similar to Malaysia, vision of becoming a developed nation by 2020 put an emphasis on HRD (). The purpose of becoming a developed country in the future absolutely raises the requirement of training and development human resource in Vietnam. In other words, there are more and more concerns about HRD activities in the country. In national level, Vietnam government considers highly qualified human resource as the important forces to encouraging the industrialization process and as the basic ground for the growth of economy (MPI, 2001). Vietnam government applied polices to encourage the HRD in the country especially in education. The government keeps push forward comprehensive reform enhancing the quality of training and education at all levels. Besides, it focuses on developing high quality human resource to meet the economic development demand (Khang, 2010). The government has also supported a program to improve HR skills in organizations through special training courses (from 2004à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"2008). It helps companies and individuals in increasing their competitiveness. T. Tran and L. Le (1996) gave several experiences of the differences countries in HRD. They concentrated on the benefits of government policies of these countries in encouraging HRD and the lessons that Vietnam learnt from. However, it takes time to see what the real benefits from policies are and changes in HRD are. Moreover, applying policies depends on many elements which specific in each country. In Annual business report of VCCI (Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry) in 2007 provided an analysis of key developments include human resource development in Vietnam business environment and their impacts on Vietnam enterprises. It had showed the general impacts of human resources and labor supply in some specific sectors such as tourism, banking, constructionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Since then, the specific solutions in HRD for each sector could be suggested. There is another aspect in HRD discus sed in Vietnam at the moment. HRD should be accompanied with national economic strategies. In fact, in Vietnam, in planning national economic strategies, the experts focus on economic issues without concerning human resource role which is the vital and essential elements to implement these strategies (D. Phung and D. Do, 2009). The problem appeared here is when these strategies are set up and the quality of human resource could not afford for them. In comparison with some neighbor countries in ASEAN, although HRD activities in Vietnam are concerned more, it is still new and weak. For instance, in the last decade, training consultants in Singapore have mushroomed. The emphasis on training is so much so that some companies have even created a standalone department on training along with the HRM department (). Hence, Singapore ranks very high in the world in its emphasis on training and development. Other example is in Malaysia, the HRD Act since 1992 forced the organizations which have more than 50 employees to support 1 percent of their monthly salaries to a fund to promote training (). Importance of the study Training and development human resource is not only the governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s responsibility but the organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s responsibility as well. In recent years, the training and development human resource has been paid more attentions in Vietnam organizations (Kamoche, 2001). There is a strong willingness to learn and to be trained in organization. However, the level of attentions and willingness could be decreased by the reluctance of employees to accept the new things and innovation. Also, there is a distinctive point of views in training and developing human resource within organization. While in foreign invested companies tend to considers training as a vital tool (Saigon Times, 2002), the SOEs sees it as an expense and tend to keep budget as small as possible (Quang and Dung, 1998). The training objectives between The importance of the study SMEs in Vietnam are a dynamic force of the Vietnam economy and have been contributing a lot of successes in the development of economy. In the research of Timothy Bartram et al (2009), he argued that Vietnam is currently providing and creating many opportunities for the growth and development of entrepreneurial businesses, which provides significant opportunities as well as challenges for managers of these enterprises. In human resources aspect, SMEs created around 60% of the total job for labor force (Sakai and Takada, 2000) and until now this number has increased significantly. Besides, private sector plays a big role in increasing GDP annual. Understanding the important role of SMEs clearly, Vietnam government has been developing policies and creating conditions generally for the growth of SMEs, and particularly for the human resource development in SMEs. The private sector grows and competes openly for experienced and skilled staff, HR assume new importance. However, SMEs face particular problems in HR. Certainly, small firms do not have the HRM expertise, infrastructure and general resources commanded by larger organisations (Hill and Stewart, 2000). The requirement of development of human resource is truly necessary because the business environment change day by day and employees need improve their skills and knowledge to maintain their productivity. Enterprises which want to maintain their competitiveness and effectiveness need to consider human resource development as one of the most important parts. Following Adeniyi (1995), he observed that staff training and development is a work activity that can make a very important and remarkable contribution to the overall effectiveness and profitability of an organization. Huang (2001) proved that training program has a close relation to the performance in the enterprises and training pr ograms produce real benefits for small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs) In Vietnam, human resource especially human resource development is still a quite new area. At the moment, there are a few researches around Human Resource Development. Most of them show the essential requirement, challenges and opportunities of HRD in current situation of rapid economic development, the HRM of the nation in macro level. Some others illustrate more deeply in the situation of the HR and Human resource management in enterprises. In reality, a big question that what HRD is and how HRD plays its role in the enterprises still has not an answer. So, the research in this paper focuses on one main area of HRD which is training and developing human resource in the context of SMEs in Vietnam. It would give some contributions to the Vietnamese enterprises in referring the basic knowledge in training and developing human resource, analyzing the factors which could affect on their training and developing human resource actions in the context of Vietnam. Furthermore, the examples of experiences in HRD from some others countries and organizations will be shown as the lessons help enterprises in finding solution for their situation. Then, the view of HRD in enterprises would be cared wider and deeper. Aim and objective of the project The project focuses on the analyzing the actions of training and developing human resource in enterprises in Vietnam. The company selected in research is Deloitte Vietnam Company. It is the company of which the HRD activities will be analyzed specifically There are three principal objectives: Generalizing and developing of the principles in literature of human resources development and human resources in enterprises Using this literature to analyze and evaluate the activities in HRD in enterprises according to illustrate the advantage factors and disadvantages factors which affect in HRD in the company Suggesting solution and points of views to improve the HRD in the company selected. Methodology Dissertation structure Chapter 2 Literature review Defining the terms: Human Resource and Human Resource Development, Training, Development Development It is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the growth or realization of a personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ability, through conscious or unconscious learningà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Development programmes usually include elements of planned study and experience, and are frequently supported by a coaching or counseling facilityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (MSC, 1981:15) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Development occurs when a gain in experience is effective combined with the conceptual understanding that can illuminate it, giving increased confidence both to act and to perceive how such action relates to it contextà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (Bolton, 1995:15) From these definitions, the development could show the movement to an improved situation that for the individual means advancing towards the physical and mental potential. There is one common theme that Nadler (1990) provided when he gathered the term of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“trainingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“developmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? is that both of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“trainingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“developmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? contain the word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“learningà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. He stated that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“training = learning related to present jobsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“development = learning for growth of the individual but not related to a specific present or future jobà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Human resource development About Human Resource Development, it à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“refers to career development, training and development, and organizational development programs offered to employees to develop new or replacement knowledge and skills; improve their performances, potentials, and promotability; enhance to their general growth, and improve group and organizational effectivenessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (William R. Tracey, ) There are many strands to HRD such as personal development, development for a job, a situation, or for setting a new works. It could be a development leading to a better life for individuals, organizations or even wider communities as well. (J. Matthews et al ). In Coopey et al 1993:24, it is seen as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a capacity to incorporate learning into behavourà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Furthermore, HRD is an extension of Training and Development, with a specific orientation towards organizational learning interventions which are created to improve skills, knowledge and understanding. Follow Leonard Nadler, HRD is defined as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a series of organized activities conducted within a specified time and designed to produce behavioral changeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? of individuals in organizations. (Nadler, 1970). It includes 3 types of vocational learning activity which help individuals to be more effective at work: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Training focusing in immediate changes in jobs performance à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Education, geared towards intermediate changes in individual capabilities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Development concerned with long-term improvement in the individual workers ( Nadler, 1970) In à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Principle of HRDà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, Jerry W. Gilley et al showed three fundamental component areas of human resource development. They are individual development (personal), career development (professional), and organizational development. Each component has their own importance roles which vary from organization to organization accordant with the operation complexity, the criticality of human resources to efficiency in organization, and the organizations commitment to improved human resources. However, all of three component areas have one focus which is individual performance improvement. The individual performance improvement is the heart of an HRD program, and HRD can be described as the area of congruence among the three components (Gilley, and Eggland 14) (see figure 2.1) (Figure 2.1) It is also importance to distinguish the field of human resources in organization which covers a broad spectrum of human activity. In fact, there is still a misunderstanding in HR sectors in enterprises, especially in developing countries such as Vietnam where the HR sector is still new. Based the human resource wheel (McLagan and Suhadonik, 1989) and the wheel of HRM (Harison, 1997), the human resource compass which indicates an overview of the territory and gives direction to to the various elements in the subject and their interrelationship was built. It is divided in 3 main sectors HRD, HRD and HRM, and HRM. (J. Wilson, 2005) (Figure 2.2) Human resource à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Human resourcesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? are described as the individuals who comprise the workforce of an organization. They are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the people that staff and operate an organization- the executives, managers, supervisors, scientists and engineers, technicians and marketing and sales personnel, administrative and clerical personnel, and hourly workers- as contrasted with the financial and material resources of an organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (William R. Tracey, ) It is also the name of the function in an organization which has a responsibility for implementing strategies and policies relating to the management of individuals. In other words, it could be understood as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the organizational function that deals with the people who manage, produce, market and sell the products and services of an organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (William R. Tracey, ) In a nation, the economic value of human resources resides not in numbers or physical characteristics such as height, but in the skills, knowledge and attitudes that are the result of norms and education provision. Training Training, according to the Manpower Services Commissionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Glossary of training terms, is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a planned process to modify attitudes, knowledge or skill behavior through learning experiences to achieve effective performance in an activity or range of activities. Its purpose, in the work situation, is to develop the abilities of individual and to satisfy the current and future needs of the organization. (MSC, 1981:62). In CEDEFOP (1996:52), training is defined as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“activity or program of activities designed to teach the skills and knowledge required for particular kinds of workà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Training takes places, whereas education takes place at educational establishment. In reality, both of definitions illustrate about the application of training to the improve skills and competences to meet the requirement of the organization. In training, the limitation is also indicated to the specific skills and operations. In comparison with education, training normally has an immediate application and is completed in a shorter time than education. (Van Wart et al, 1993) Purposes of Training and Development Training and development (TD) was beginning to receive more attention in Vietnamese organizations (Kamoche, 2001). Training and development actually refers to a planned effort which the organization build to facilitate the learning of job-related behavior (such as knowledge and skill acquired by an employee through practice) on the part of its employees. (Wexley et al,1991). The general purpose of traning and developing involves knowledge and skill acquisition. The employee quality and their development through training are consider as the major factor in determining long-term profitability of enterprises. A good investment in the development of skill for employees will help them increase their productivity in working. In fact, there is a view that training often is considered for the new employees. It is totally incorrect because ongoing training for current employees helps them adjust to rapidly changing job requirements. (Small Business Management) Training and development creates a benefit that the communication abilities of employees can improve, which enhances their adaptability. Better-educated workers can give the flexibility needed to switch production and better accommodate innovation, retraining and relocation (Godfrey, 1997). Traning and Development progress in an enterprise Training and Development has traditionally been a functional division of the personnel or human resource department related to carrying out the identification of training and development needs, planning and designing training and evaluating it. (see figure 2.3) (Figure 2.3) the classic training cycle Winter (1995) did not using the term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“HRDà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, he talked about a system approach to developing employees with the starting point à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the business objectivesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. So the classic training cycle can be seen to be based on organizational strategy within a company. (Figure 2.4) Business objectives within a training cycle Methods of Training and development In training, there are a numerous techniques available for presenting information and transmitting skills. Each of the techniques has their own advantages and disadvantages. The application of training method depends on the specific situation. In general, training has been widely used by companies in Vietnam. But, they differed in the use of training options (Quang, 2006). On-site training methods The main advantages of on-site training are the problems of transfer of learning and training cost are minimized. The reason is the trainees learn the skills and knowledge in the same physical and social environment. Moreover, with certain of these techniques, the trainees are able to contribute their work while they are learning. This things reduce the training cost. (Wexley et al,1991). On the other hands, on-site training has some limitations. Most of the co-workers and supervisors do have motivation to provide the trainees with worthwhile learning experiences. (figure 2.5) on-site methods classified according to goals and strategies The table shows that a training effort can have one or more of the following goals. These goal boards can be achieved by directing training efforts at the traineesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ cognition, behavior or environment. From the table, on-site methods were classified in categories. Orientation training and the socialization of new employees It is important to help new employees to get in a right way in order to reduce their anxiety and to increase their job satisfaction and commitment. (Louis et al, 1983). The procedure of this method should begin carefully and in detail. The poor orientation programs could make damage to organization because they reduce the effectiveness for the first few time on the job and may lead to dissatisfaction and turnover. (Gomersall et al, 1966) Smith (1984) showed ten tasks accomplished in the program such as introduction the company; review of policy, benefits, services, employer expectations; benefit plan enrolment; completion of employment documents; setting employer expectations; introduction to fellow workers, to the facilities, and the job. On-the-job training In this training method, the trainees are expected to learn the job by observing the experiences employees and by working with the actual materials, personnel and machinery that will comprise the job when the formal training is completed. On the experienced employeesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ aspect, they is expected to provide not only a favorable role model to whom the trainee can identify but the instruction and the guidance from the job duties as well. (Wexley et al,1991). Apprenticeship training Apprenticeship programs are initiated by a committee composed of representatives for management and labor. The joint of committee works together with the department of Laborà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Bureau of Apprenticeship and Training (BAT) in developing a set of standards that specify the features of particular program such as number of class hours, workshop instruction, curriculumà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Job aids A job aid is a repository for information, processes, or perspectives that is external to the individual and that supports work and activity by directing, guiding, and enlightening performance. (Rossett et al, 1991). The goal of Job aids is to teach job skills and to accomplish this by using a behavioral strategy. Coaching/ Mentoring: Mentoring and coaching have been provocative practices in both the practical and academic organizational development and human resource development literature for almost ten years. (Bokeno, 2003) Coaching the employees through the use of periodic reviews of performance is a difference way of on-site training. Coaching serves a several important function in organization. Firstly, it lets subordinates know what their supervisors think about their work. Then, the supervisors and employees work together on the way that helps improve employeesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ performance. Thirdly, it improves the interaction between supervisors and employees. Finally, it provides a framework for setting up short term and long term personal career goals. Related to the teaching of coaching is mentoring. Mentors are the people who have two or three higher level than trainees and they want to help less experience trainees to learn the ropes in a supportive relationship. (Wilson and Danes, 1988) Computer-based training It is a technique can be used in conjunction with coaching and mentoring. Computer-based training (CBT) refers to as interactive videos and videodisc, provides guidance and instruction by using computer terminal on an employeesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ desks. It is now used as an efficient method to many types of job. (Wexley et al,1991). Guy Sweeten of Information Transfer said that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The practical benefits of using computers to deliver training and perform assessment training have been proven. Computer-based training is highly flexible and fits with the demands of everyday work you can work on your own, at your own desk and in your own timeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Job rotation It relates to giving a series of jobs assignments to trainees in various parts in organization for a specific time. The key of this method is to expose individuals to the changes in working environment in other places. In each department, trainees could put on an observational role, and take responsibility for training specified results. Job rotation is considered as a perfect method for preparing high potential and specialist for future general executive responsibilities. (Farnsworth, 1975) Off-site training methods Off-site training methods are often used in organizational settings. An advantages of this method is that it allows the trainees to learn skills and knowledge away from pressures of day-to-day job. The other benefit is the use of competent outside resources people who are trained trainers such as technicians, consultants. The limitation of it is the transfer of learning from classroom to the job. (figure 2.6) off-site methods classified according to goals and strategies Lecture Lecture method has been frequently criticized as a training and development technique. (Korma, 1977). In fact, it does not bring a high benefit. Firstly, its format emphasizes one way flow communication from trainers to trainees, which make the trainees are passive in learning. Secondly, it fails in transfer job-related skills. The lecturers ignore the differences in traineesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ abilities, backgrounds and interests. In additionally, individualized and reinforcement of trainees are prevented. Audiovisual techniques This method can be used widely in many training and development programs. Teaching and learning with audiovisual technique has several advantages. First, it helps trainees to illustrate and see clearly the overview image of what trainers want to delivery lively. Then, it helps distance learning effectively when the trainers and trainees are in difference places. Teleconferencing It is a method for simultaneously training individuals at the multiple sites. A teleconferencing network consists of a central broadcasting facility, a satellite service whose signals is delivered and transmitted to television projectors in meeting rooms, ballrooms, or corporate headquarter. Corporate classrooms Corporate classroom aims to tech employeesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ skills and to accomplish this by using cognitive strategy. This method is often in big corporations. They intend to build their own universities and colleges to continue the further education for their employees. Equipment simulators It is excellent way to bring realism to off-site training situation. In this method, simulators of the equipment are designed and set up away from the actual work situation. Advantages from the method are the time pressures for productivity are minimized, individualized feedback is increased and opportunities for repeated practice are provided. Computer-assisted instruction In this method, trainees interact directly with the computers. The training is combined with learnersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ exercises manuals, equipment stimulations, job aidsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The role of computer here involves administratering and the training programs to the trainees and testing their performance after learning. (Patrick et al, 1977). It could assess the progress of trainees and provide a method to fit the traineesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ needs Each enterprise will use the differences training methods which are suitable to their situation within organization. In Vietnam situation, Webster and Tausig (1999) did a survey which showed that 93 percent of the surveyed SMEs provided in-house training for freshmen and off-the-job training. Most SMEs rely only on informal training due to budget constraints (Tran and Le, 1999). However, the process to have a good training and development program is not simple Process of Training and Developing Analyzing the training and development needs It is considered as the first step in the process of training and development. Boydell (1983) showed three levels of training needs within organizations which are organizational level, occupational level, and individual level. Organisation analysis looks at the organization as a whole. This relates to examining organization interface with the external environment, in which it operates, the acquisition of its state objectives, its human resources, and the inner climate. The purpose of organization analysis is to determine where the training activities should be conducted. Occupational analysis includes five steps in conducting task analysis. The five steps are (1) Obtaining a company job description; (2) Identifying the tasks for which the training is designed; (3) Identifying the knowledge (K), skills (S), and abilities (A); (4) develop course objectives; (5) design the training program. In the individual analysis, organization identifies any shortfall in individualsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ knowledge, skill and attitudes required to perform their jobs. (Figure 2.7) P. Nick Blanchard, James W. Thacker (1999), Effective training: systems, strategies, and practices In fact, when the results of employeesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ performance do not satisfy and meet the requirement of job analyzed in occupational analysis. That means there are problems. In that case, organization needs to find a solution. In table below, it illustrates the way to approach how to examining performance problem of the employees (Figure 2.8) Robyn Peterson (1998), Training Needs Assessment Analyzing the training and development in this way has advantages and disadvantages. It helps the organization have an accurate overview of training and development needs within organization. Beside, it guarantees the links between the training and requirement of trainees. However, it takes time to analyze. During the process of analyzing, the thing could happen is the number of training needs is larger than can be met through current resources. So, it is necessary to prioritize the needs (J. Wilson, 2005) Training and development plan The result from the process of analyzing an organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s training needs is a training plan. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“This plan is constructed by the training department and is used to strategically plan what kinds of training will be conducted in the near futureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (Wexley et al,1991). Moreover, during the process of analyzing, the thing could happen is the number of training needs are larger than can be met through current resources. So, it is necessary to prioritize the needs. The content of a training plan should includes objects and objectives of training, theme of the training courses, the time of training courses, trainers, and training methods, the place of training class, and the cost of trainingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (HRD in SMEs) When planning a training program, it is essential to establish an evaluating system for the result of program. The plan should be clear and systematic, which help both the managers, trainees, trainers find easy to understand. Implementing training and development programs In implementing training programs, the most important factor is that the trainers have a responsibility on their trainees. The trainees are adult who have experiences, are capable of making informed choices and taking responsibility. (J.Wilson, 2005). In fact, older employees often demonstrate their willing to learn and participate in training programs less than younger employees (Cleveland Shore, 1992; Colquitt et al., 2000). So, the trainers need to be aware of their trainability, personality, and age. The key of training adults is that the trainer could encourage and motivate their trainees. So, there are some good recommendations summarized from Kurt Kraiger (2002): * Mix trainees of all ages in groups and encourage them to talk together and share experiences. * Use materials that are based on what the trainees already know. * Emphasize that training is not a remedial activity but rather an important strategic activity for all employees. * To counter resistance to change, emphasize the positive benefits of training. * Help older trainees who have not been in a learning situation for several years feel comfortable, personally contact them before the session to introduce it and answer any questions. * Allow trainees time to familiarize themselves with technology before using it for training. To improve the quality of training and learning, the active of trainers takes a vital role. They need to transfer their knowledge and technique in multi ways. Setting a goal for trainees and giving them the frequent feedback are useful as well. Evaluating the training and development programs In fact, there is a strong agreement that the proposed outcome of training objective could or could not measurable (Caffarela, 1994). However, the return of investment on training is always expected from businesses ( Willyerd, 1997). Evaluation effectiveness of training tends to be used to encompass all activities undertaken to help educators, trainees, trainers decide what aspects of teaching, training methods, planning worked or did not work, what should be kept and what should be changed. Evaluation can be top-down, bottom-up, collaborative or negotiated. (J. Wilson, 2004) Kirkpatrick (1994) gave a classic model to evaluate a training program. It includes 4 steps. First step is about reaction of participants to training. Second step is finding the answer for the question what have participants actually learnt from training. Thirdly is about behaviors of participants and its result of training. The last step is to evaluate if the training has the desired results in workplace. This model is widely used in research into training effectiveness and in human development practice. (J. Wilson, 2005) In reaction criteria, it measure how well the participants like the program including the content of training program, the trainers, and the method used. When reaction objective are formulated, a comment sheet should be designed. It should elicit reaction to training objectives, permit answers and allow trainees give additional comments Second step is about learning criteria which assess the knowledge gained by trainees. It could examine it by paper test or performance test. Self-evaluation could be used to know how changed in each individuals. Thirdly, it concern with behavior on the job. Evaluation could be done by survey after a period of time the learners are back to job Fourthly, the cost of training and the time way from job are assed by cost and benefit analysis. The result of assessing return of investment on training affects employees at all levels (Philip, 1996). Both employees and employers look for the outcomes of training which are practical, applicable (Caffarela, 1994) Factors affecting Training and Development There are many factors which affects on training and development human resources of enterprise (J. Stewart and. Beaver; 2004). Both internal factors and external factors within organization have influence on the effectiveness of training program. Analyzing these factors are truly needed to improve the HRD program. Internal factors Internal factors include some main aspects such as organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s corporate HRD plan, organization structure, technology, attitude towards training, a financial approaching to training and HRD resources Organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s corporate HRD plan An HRD plan should be a detailed and authoritative statement of learning, training development. (M. Reid et al, 2004). Moreover, HRD plan should have a linkage with the business strategy of organization. In fact, training manager have to understands both long term and short term business objective of the company to formulate a training and development program which can support the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s business plan. So, the closer HRD plans and business strategies is, the more effectiveness HRD in organization has. HRD budget The ability in finance of organization affects a lot on activities of HRD program. (J. Wilson, 2005). Many enterprises have a big requirement in training and development for their employees. However, they could not build a high quality program or sending their employees to a good training service centers because of their limitation in HRD budget. Furthermore, HRD budget should contain both training and financial objectives. Exactly, the HRD budget depends on the following key factors which are the organizational structure, which affects the way in which HRD department or function relates to the rest of organization. (J. Gilley and A. Cunich; 1998). Each department is expected to pay their way of training and costing their service for example, but in some organization, the HRD department is considered as a head and allocated a budget. The other factor is the financial system of organizations, in which the size of HRD budget is estimated. In particular, there is a widespread use of TD, performance appraisal and incentive payments in Vietnam at the moment. (T. Bartram et al, 2009). However, troubles are also recognised. For example, while most SMEs provided TD of one type or another, much of the delivery was informal. King-Kauanui et al. (2006) also showed that financial investment in TD was limited. Attitude toward training People are the important key of HRD. The attitude of trainers, trainees, employees and managers affect directly to the effectiveness of training and development program. Specifically, the attitudes of chief executive office and the executive in charge of various divisions or locations are the main source of organization training philosophy. (K. Wexley, 1991). To them, the attitude toward training mostly depends on their past experiences with it. Moreover, it depends on their perception of the labor market. For instance, they will consider if the prospective employees who have the necessary skills and experiences, or must unskilled people could be hired and trained. Besides, in employeesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ aspect, their willing to learn and be train takes an important part in HRD within organization (M. Reid et al). External factors External factors which affect the HRD of organization come from outside the boundaries of organization. Each external factor can have influence on the work people do and the skill people need to work. Labor market The work force is dynamic and it changes numbers and characteristic over time.(D. Caruth et al). As the labor market develops, the organizations could find more advantages in recruiting employees which satisfy their requirement. (J. Wilson, 2005). However, the shortage of skilled makes it more difficult to attract and maintain the number of employees to work in organization. In fact, there is a serious shortage of skilled labor in Vietnam which could support the drive toward better performance in organizations and the development of the country. The HCMC Department of Labor, War Invalids, and Social Affairs (MOLISA) estimated just only one third of the enterprises felt satisfied with the qualifications of their new recruits (Saigon Times Weekly, 2002c). The use of training as a good way to improve firm performance (Dinh, 1997) and the principle factor to the survival and success of SMEs (Ho, 1999) is supported by the academic community in the country. National Economy The economic health of a country has a direct relation to accomplishment of staffing tasks. (D. Caruth et al, 2009). In the time of economic growth, as firms expands, the competition for qualified employees increases, and certainly the requirement of training and development increase as well. In other words, the status of economy tends to increase or decrease the requirement of training and development as well as the change of priority or importance of HRD activities. Government policy () Technology Application of high technology brings a lot advantages for training and development program. Technology changes day by day, organizations with highly changing technology require continual retraining of both employees and managers. These technologies mentioned here could have main effects. Firstly, things such as computer, video, interactive video access to systems intranet, internet have significantly increased choice and flexibility of learning. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Whenever there is a computer terminal, there is a potential learning resourcesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (M. Reid et al, 2004). Follow Kruise and Keil (2000), the uses of technology to deliver training and education are more popular. Most recently, internet and intranet delivery has become the favorable method. Secondly, the application of technology could change the perception of learning and development. (R. Swanson and E. Holton, 2001). And the more opportunities are giving to employees. In fact, they can learning and be trained and developed by many ways with flexible without going to the class. Distance learning is one example. There are still some factors which are summarized by Jim Stewart and Graham Beaver (2004). In this figure 2.9, they illustrated the elements which encourage HRD in organizations and the barriers as well.